Surveillance
Monitoring and tracking of individuals and organizations
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PublicationThe Humanitarian Metadata Problem: 'Doing No Harm' in the Digital Era
Technical analysis of how metadata from telecommunications, messaging apps, cash transfers, and social media can endanger humanitarian beneficiaries and staff
CLOUD Act
US law enabling law enforcement to compel US technology companies to disclose data regardless of where it is physically stored.
Ekomloven
Norwegian law regulating electronic communications networks, services, and lawful interception requirements.
EO 12333
Presidential directive authorizing US intelligence agencies to collect signals intelligence on foreign targets outside US territory.
FISA Section 702
US law authorizing warrantless surveillance of non-US persons located outside the United States for foreign intelligence purposes.
Investigatory Powers Act
UK law granting intelligence and law enforcement agencies broad surveillance powers including bulk data collection and equipment interference.
IT Act
Indian law enabling government interception, monitoring, and decryption of any computer resource in the interest of national security.
National Intelligence Law
Chinese law requiring all organizations and citizens to support, assist, and cooperate with state intelligence activities.
Patriot Act
Post-9/11 US law significantly expanding surveillance powers for terrorism investigations, including Section 215 business records collection.
Schrems II
Landmark 2020 CJEU ruling that invalidated EU-US Privacy Shield and imposed strict requirements for international data transfers.
SORM
Russian system requiring all telecommunications providers to install FSB-accessible surveillance backdoors.
Yarovaya Law
Russian anti-terrorism law requiring communications data retention for 6 months and mandatory assistance with decryption.