Telecommunications

SORM (Sistema Operativno-Rozysknykh Meropriyatiy) is Russia’s surveillance system requiring all telecom providers to install backdoor access for the FSB. First established for telephone surveillance in 1995 (SORM-1), it expanded to internet (SORM-2) and later to all communications data (SORM-3). Providers must purchase and install certified surveillance equipment connected directly to FSB facilities. The FSB can access communications in real-time without provider involvement; companies simply provide the technical capability. Unlike Western lawful interception where providers receive and process warrants, SORM’s architecture gives the FSB direct access. While warrants are theoretically required, providers have no ability to verify them. Any telecommunications provider operating in Russia must implement SORM, making it impossible to offer truly private communications services in the Russian market.

The Norwegian Electronic Communications Act regulates the telecommunications sector including fixed and mobile networks, internet access, and broadcasting transmission. Providers must obtain authorization, meet quality of service requirements, and comply with net neutrality rules. The law includes provisions enabling lawful interception by law enforcement and intelligence services under court orders. Communications providers must maintain technical capabilities to intercept communications when legally required. The Act also addresses emergency communications, critical infrastructure protection, and consumer rights. Nkom (Norwegian Communications Authority) supervises compliance, while interception activities are overseen by the courts and control committees. The law complements Sikkerhetsloven for national security matters.